Struktur
![](https://cdn.pbrd.co/images/GIuYhn1.png)
- Benzena (C6H6) adalah senyawa aromatik.
- Ikatan antara karbon adalah ikatan rangkap dua (double bond) atau ikatan rangkap tunggal (single bond) yang berselang-seling.
- Sudut ikatannya masing-masing 120o.
- Benzena dapat bereaksi dengan substitusi elektrofil (electrophilic substitution). Ini disebabkan oleh elektron yang di delokalisasi (delocalised electron) dan resonans
Sifat-sifat
- Sifat Fisik :
- Tidak berwarna (dalam wujud cair)
- memiliki bau yang unik
- mudah menguap (uapnya karsinogenik dan toksik
- tidak larut dalam larutan polar (susah larut dalam air)
- Sifat Kimia:
- karsinogenik
- non-polar
- kurang reaktif (tapi mudah terbakar)
Tata Nama
IUPAC: benzena merupakan yang main/pusat (seperti rantai terpanjang dalam alkana). Gugus-gugus yang terikat adalah cabang.
- Tata nama dengan satu subsituen:
![](https://cdn.pbrd.co/images/GIuZmP6.png)
- Tata nama dengan dua substituen:
![](https://cdn.pbrd.co/images/GIv0GWi.png)
Prioritas: COOH > SO3H > CN > OH > NH2 > R > NO2 > X (halogen)
- Tata nama dengan >2 substituen:
- ortho, meta, para (o,m,p) tidak bisa dipakai. Dalam kondisi ini, gugus harus dinyatakan oleh angka. (ikuti aturan prioritas)
- pengecualian:
- Jika benzena terikat pada rantai alkana yang mengandung gugus fungsi atau memiliki rantai C >6 maka benzena dianggap menjadi gugus funsi (tidak induk lagi)
Reaksi
- Halogenasi
![Image result for halogenation of benzene](http://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/subscriber.images/jee/2017/02/15094944/113.png)
- Nitrasi
![Image result for nitration of benzene](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/2401/NitrationofBenzene.jpg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=280&height=131)
- Sulfonasi
![Image result for sulfonation of benzene](https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/2408/sulfonationofbenzene.jpg?revision=1&size=bestfit&width=298&height=128)
- Alkilasi
![Image result for alkylation of benzene](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Benzene_Friedel-Crafts_alkylation-diagram.svg/778px-Benzene_Friedel-Crafts_alkylation-diagram.svg.png)
Turunan Benzena dan manfaatnya
![Image result for toluena](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Toluena - Toluena (pelarut) bisa menjadi TNT/ tritotoluena (bahan peledak)
![Image result for toluene to TNT](http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/environmental/gifs/tntmake.gif)
- Anila/ Amino benzena - Bahan dasar untuk membuat zat diazo
- Fenol - Jadi karbol/ lisol (disinfektan)
- benzaldehida - zat pengawet, bahan aditif makanan (aroma ceri/almon) dan bahan baku parfum.
- Nitrobenzena - insulator listrik, Parfum dalam sabun, semir sepatu dan bahan pembuatan anilin
![Image result for nitrobenzene](http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/structure0/163/mfcd00007043.eps/_jcr_content/renditions/mfcd00007043-medium.png)
- Stirena - Bahan dasar polimer sintetik polistirena
![Image result for stirena](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Styrene.svg/300px-Styrene.svg.png)
- Asam benzena sulfonat - Pemanis buatan (sakarin), deterjen
Asam benzoat dan turunannya
- Asam salisat - zat anti jamur (untuk penyakit kulit)
![Image result for asam salisilat](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Salicylic-acid-skeletal.svg/1200px-Salicylic-acid-skeletal.svg.png)
- Metil salisat - obat gosok/ minyak angin (komponen utama)
- Asam asetil salisat/ asparin/ asetosal - analgesik (penghilang rasa sakit) dan antipiretik (antipanas)
- Natrium benzoat - pengawet makanan
![Image result for natrium benzoat](https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jwGDbRiEwLM/VOJ_PHklDoI/AAAAAAAABNE/Dl7CX8L69lU/s1600/Sodium-benzoate-skeletal.png)
- Asam tereftalat - bahan sintetik polyester
![Image result for asam tereftalat](https://id-static.z-dn.net/files/d2c/e892aae8b1651c63d287dda8c645337a.png)
- Parasetamol - obat penurun panas
![Image result for paracetamol chemical formula](https://img1.exportersindia.com/product_images/bc-full/dir_110/3290411/paracetamol-ip-bp-usp-1548085.jpg)